At the annual Quantum Developer Conference, IBM unveiled fundamental progress on its path to delivering both quantum advantage by the end of 2026 and fault-tolerant quantum computing by 2029.
“There are many pillars to bringing truly useful quantum computing to the world,” says Jay Gambetta, director of IBM Research and IBM Fellow. “We believe that IBM is the only company that is positioned to rapidly invent and scale quantum software, hardware, fabrication, and error correction to unlock transformative applications. We are thrilled to announce many of these milestones today.”
Quantum computers built to scale advantage
IBM unveiled IBM Quantum Nighthawk, its most advanced quantum processor yet and designed with an architecture to complement high-performing quantum software to deliver quantum advantage next year: the point at which a quantum computer can solve a problem better than all classical-only methods.
IBM Nighthawk is expected to be delivered to IBM users by the end of 2025, and will offer:
- 120 qubits linked together with 218 next-generation tunable couplers to their four nearest neighbors in a square lattice, an increase of over 20 percent more couplers compared to IBM Quantum Heron.
- This increased qubit connectivity will allow users to accurately execute circuits with 30% more complexity than on IBM’s previous processor while maintaining low error rates.
- This architecture will enable users to explore more computationally demanding problems that require up to 5 000 two-qubit gates, the fundamental entangling operations critical for quantum computation.
IBM expects future iterations of Nighthawk to deliver up to 7 500 gates by the end of 2026 and up to 10 000 gates in 2027. By 2028, Nighthawk-based systems could support up to 15 000 two-qubit gates enabled by 1 000 or more connected qubits extended through long-range couplers first demonstrated on IBM experimental processors last year.
IBM anticipates that the first cases of verified quantum advantage will be confirmed by the wider community by the end of 2026.
To encourage rigorous validation and push forward the best quantum and classical approaches, IBM, Algorithmiq, researchers at the Flatiron Institute, and BlueQubit are contributing new results to an open, community-led quantum advantage tracker to systematically monitor and verify emerging demonstrations of advantage.
Today, the community tracker supports three experiments for quantum advantage across observable estimation, variational problems, and problems with efficient classical verification. IBM encourages the community to contribute to the tracker and push a back-and-forth with the best classical methods.
To pursue verified quantum advantage on breakthrough quantum hardware, developers need to be able to highly control their circuits and use high-performance classical computers (HPC) to mitigate the errors that arise in computation.
Qiskit is the world’s best-performing quantum software stack, developed by IBM. It is now giving developers more control than ever before by scaling dynamic circuit capabilities that deliver a 24 percent increase in accuracy at the scale of 100+ qubits. IBM is also extending Qiskit with a new execution model that enables fine grain control and a C-API, unlocking HPC-accelerated error mitigation capabilities that decreases the cost of extracting accurate results by more than 100 times.
As quantum computers mature, the global quantum community is expanding to HPC and scientific communities. IBM is delivering a C++ interface to Qiskit, powered by a C-API, to enable users to program quantum natively in existing HPC environments. IBM continues to lead the way in advanced circuit execution capabilities including dynamic circuits and increasing control over circuit execution for error mitigation.
By 2027, IBM plans to extend Qiskit with computational libraries in areas such as machine learning and optimization to better solve fundamental physical and chemistry challenges such as differential equations and Hamiltonian simulations.
Building blocks for fault-tolerant quantum computing
In a parallel path, IBM is rapidly delivering milestones towards building the world’s first large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computer by 2029.
The company has announced IBM Quantum Loon, its experimental processor that, for the first time, shows that IBM has demonstrated all the key processor components needed for fault-tolerant quantum computing.
IBM Loon will validate a new architecture to implement and scale the components needed for practical, high-efficiency quantum error correction.
IBM has already demonstrated the features that will be incorporated into Loon, including the introduction of multiple high-quality, low-loss routing layers to provide pathways for longer, on-chip connections (or “c-couplers”) that go beyond nearest-neighbor couplers and physically link distant qubits together on the same chip, as well as technologies to reset qubits between computations.
Delivering on another key pillar of fault-tolerant quantum computing, IBM has proven it is possible to use classical computing hardware to accurately decode errors in real-time (less than 480 nanoseconds) using qLDPC codes. This engineering feat has been achieved a full year ahead of schedule. Together with Loon, this demonstrates the cornerstones needed to scale qLDPC codes on high-speed, high-fidelity superconducting qubits which form the core of IBM quantum computers.
Fabrication scaled to 300mm facilities
As IBM scales its quantum computers, it is announcing the primary fabrication of its quantum processor wafers is being undertaken at an advanced 300mm wafer fabrication facility at NY Creates’ Albany NanoTech Complex in New York.
Semiconductor tooling and always-on capabilities within this facility have already accelerated the speed at which IBM can learn from, improve, and expand the capabilities of its quantum processors; allowing the company to increase their qubit connectivity, density, and performance. To-date, IBM has been able to:
- Double the speed of its research and development efforts by cutting the time needed to build each new processor by at least half;
- Achieve a ten-fold increase in the physical complexity of its quantum chips; and,
- Enable multiple designs to be researched and explored in parallel.